(Lueger Nicole)

Dieser Artikel ist Teil einer Übersicht zum Thema "Ausgewählte Schulen in den Systemwissenschaften"

Der Begründer der „General System Theory“ war der österreichische Biologe Karl Ludwig von Bertalanffy. Er entwickelte die Idee des Fließgleichgewichtes mit der „organismischen“ Auffassung, was er als wesentliche Differenz zur Mechanik sah. Von Bertalanffy sah Wieners Kybernetik als eine Maschinen-Theorie an und seine Theorie als Theorie des Lebendigen.

Bertalanffy war es ein Anliegen gemeinsame Gesetzmäßigkeiten der verschiedensten Wissensgebiete herauszuarbeiten, indem er deren allgemeine Prinzipien beobachtete. Die Systemtheorie ist also eine Metatheorie, die eine Integration von unterschiedlichem Wissen ermöglicht und in den verschiedensten Bereichen anwendbar ist.

(Quelle: URL: http://www.hyperkommunikation.ch/personen/von_bertalanffy.htm, Stand: 18.02.2008, URL: http://www.systemische-beratung.de/systemtheorie.htm, Stand: 23.08.2008.)

Forscher und Autoren im Bereich General System Theory

Ludwig von Bertalanffy

Ralph Gerard

Quelle: URL: http://www.isss.org/lumrapo.htm, Stand: 23.04.2008

Er gründete zusammen mit Rapoport, Bertalanffy und Boudling „The Society for General System Research“, die später „International Society for the Systems Sciences“ heißt.

Anatol Rapoport

Quelle: URL: http://www.isss.org/lumrapo.htm, Stand: 23.04.2008.

Auszug aus dieser Homepage:

In search for invariants Rapoport has cultivated the dialogue across disciplines extensively. In 1954, together with the biologists Ludwig von Bertalanffy and Ralph Gerard, as well as the economist Kenneth Boulding, he founded the Society for General Systems Research, later renamed International Society for the Systems Sciences.

Diese Homepage handelt von Anatol Rapoport und seinen Leistungen. Weiters findet man eine Liste mit seinen Publikationen.

Kenneth Boulding
General System Theory und Boulding´s Klassifikation von Systemen:
URL: http://www.panarchy.org/boulding/systems.1956.html, Stand: 23.04.2008.

Biographie von Kenneth Boulding:
URL: http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/boulding.htm, Stand: 23.04.2008.
Gerald M. Weinberg
Quelle: URL: http://www.geraldmweinberg.com/Site/General_Systems.html,Stand: 29.04.2008.

Auszug aus dieser Hompepage:
For more than half a century, Jerry Weinberg has worked on transforming software organizations, particularly emphasizing the interaction of technical and human issues. After spending between 1956 and 1969 as software developer, researcher, teacher, and designer of software curricula at IBM, he and his anthropologist wife, Dani Weinberg, formed the consulting firm of Weinberg & Weinberg to help software engineering organizations manage the change process in a more fully human way.

Institute und Organisationen

Bertalanffy Center for the study of systems science

Quelle: URL: http://www.bertalanffy.org, Stand: 23.04.2008.

Auf dieser Homepage findet man Informationen über Ludwig von Bertalanffy, über sein Leben, seine Forschung und was er erreicht hat. Weiters befindet sich einiges über System Theory, die Weltanschauung von General System Theory und die Weiterentwicklungen auf diesem Gebiet in Organisationen wie Intl. Society for the Systems Sciences (ISSS), Systems and Cybernetics Societies Systems and Cybernetics Societies, Intl. Federation for Systems Research (IFSR). Natürlich sind auch Publikationen und Berichte über Projekte und einige Downloadmöglichkeiten dort zu finden. Informationen über das Institut und Aktuelles wird auch angeführt.

Auszug aus dieser Homepage:

The objective of the BCSSS is to inspire the development of systems science.
The BCSSS aims at the advancement of scientific research in the field of systems thinking. In particular, it revisits General System Theory (GST) as founded by Ludwig von Bertalanffy and others in order to reassess it in the light of today’s global challenges and to illuminate the course of development systems science has taken since. The BCSSS is open to cooperation with every person or organisation supporting the same aim. The BCSSS owns the Ludwig von Bertalanffy archive and possesses a collection of publications of the systems movement. The BCSSS is a member of the IFSR. The BCSSS fosters research in the field of system sciences and supports system thinking.

• It administrates the archive of Ludwig von Bertalanffy and makes it open to the public.

• It administrates also other collections which are of interest to the systems movement.

• It carries out and supports reserach projects in the field of systems science.

• It carries out and supports scientific activities like lectures, workshops, conferences and international cooperations of scientists interested in general system theory and related fields.

International Society for System Sciences

Quelle: URL: http://isss.org/world/, Stand: 24.04.2008.

Auszug aus der Homepage:
The International Society for the Systems Sciences (ISSS) is among the first and oldest organizations devoted to interdisciplinary inquiry into the nature of complex systems, and remains perhaps the most broadly inclusive. The Society was initially conceived in 1954 at the Stanford Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences by Ludwig von Bertalanffy, Kenneth Boulding, Ralph Gerard, and Anatol Rapoport. In collaboration with James Grier Miller, it was formally established as an affiliate of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1956. Originally founded as the Society for General Systems Research, the society adopted its current name in 1988 to reflect its broadening scope. The initial purpose of the society was „to encourage the development of theoretical systems which are applicable to more than one of the traditional departments of knowledge.”

Literatur

Anatol Rapoport: Allgemeine Systemtheorie, Darmstädter Blätter, Darmstadt 1988.

Klaus Müller: Allgemeine Systemtheorie, Opladen 1996.

Ludwig von Bertalanffy: Perspectives on general system theory, New York 1975.

Ludwig von Bertalanffy: Zu einer allgemeinen Systemlehre, Biologia Generalis. 195 MIT Press, Cambridge 1948.

Mark Davidson: Uncommon Sense The life and thought of Ludwig von Bertalanffy, Father of General Systems Theory, Los Angeles 1983.

Ludwig von Beratlanffy: General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications, New York 1976:

Quelle: URL: http://www.amazon.com/General-System-Theory-Foundations-Applications/dp/0807604534/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1210865987&sr=1-1Stand: 15.05.2008.

Bewertung dieses Buches aus amzon.com:
Bertalanffy discusses the idea of a system mainly through dynamical systems in his early chapters but also discusses important issues such as open systems, teleology and the organism considered as a system. By no means does this remove the dogma of the reductionists but the whole idea can be incorporated within it by some adjustments and expansions of the original concept. In that sense it is still possible for a biologist to consider animals and plants as complex machines. Nothing in this book really forces anyone to consider an alternative.

On the other hand his later chapters from chapter 8 onwards discuss truly fascinating questions in psychology and the study of language especially noting the work of Whorf. It is these last chapters which make the book interesting. In its day it would have been something that evoked interest and fascination but now its the as yet unexplored aspects of the study of man which remain as they have always been an enigma and a source of endless wonder.

Lars Skyttner: General Systems Theory: Perspectives, Problems, Practice, Singapore 2005:

Quelle: URL: http://www.amazon.com/General-Systems-Theory-Perspectives-Problems/dp/981256389X/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1210865213&sr=1-2, Stand: 15.5.2008.

Bewertung dieses Buches aus amzon.com:
Systems theorists see common principles in the structure and operation of systems of all kinds and sizes. They promote an interdisciplinary science adapted for a universal application with a common language and area of concepts. In order to solve problems, make recommendations and predict the future, they use theories, models and concepts from the vast area of general systems theory. This approach is chosen as a means to overcome the fragmentation of knowledge and the isolation of the specialist but also to find new approaches to problems created by earlier ‘solution of problems.’ This revised and updated second edition of General Systems Theory — Ideas and Applications includes new systems theories and a new chapter on self-organization and evolution. The book summarizes most of the fields of systems theory and its application systems science in one volume. It provides a quick and readable reference guide for future learning containing both general theories and practical applications without the use of complicated mathematics.

Gerald M. Weinberg: An introduction to general systems thinking, New York 1975:

Quelle: URL: http://www.amazon.com/review/product/0471925632/ref=dp_top_cm_cr_acr_txt?%5Fencoding=UTF8&showViewpoints=1, Stand: 15.05.2008.

Bewertung dieses Buches aus amzon.com:
Weinberg distills the essence from von Bertalanffy's classic and manages to present it in a very accessible fashion. The message and information contained in here, although originally published in 1975, is now more relevant than ever. Weinberg covers many aspects of systems theory beginning with the main stumbling block with the present scientific paradigm: the idea that the universe is mechanistic. His treatment is much more general than Robert Rosen's in „Life Itself“ but still conveys why the mechanistic notion is flawed. He then outlines the general systems theory approach before leading into the idea that a system is simply a way of looking at the world. He then outlines the principle of indifference. This leads straight into two sections outlining various aspects of making observations. Finally he discusses behaviour and then some general systems questions. Throughout the book he uses many examples from disparate fields in conjunction with questions for further research. It is great to see someone who doesn't preach systems but actually uses the ideas.

Weblinks

Um sich einen Überblick über General System Theory zu verschaffen.

URL: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemtheorie

Allgemeines über Ludwig von Bertalanffy und General System Theory

URL: http://www.hyperkommunikation.ch/personen/von_bertalanffy.htm

Biography von Bertalanffy

URL: http://www.isss.org/1998meet/weltansc.htm

Allgemeines über Ludwig von Bertalanffy und General System Theory, Seite 6f.

URL: http://www.usf.uos.de/archive/~vberding/syswi/skript10.pdf

Ziel der Entwicklung der General System Theory

URL: http://www.systemische-beratung.de/systemtheorie.htm

Auszüge aus dem Buch General System Theory

URL: http://www.panarchy.org/vonbertalanffy/systems.1968.html

Erläuterungen zu General System Theory

URL: http://www.survey-software-solutions.com/walonick/systems-theory.htm

Bertalanffy Center for the study of systems science

URL: http://www.bertalanffy.org/c_25.html

Homepage von International Society for System Sciences

URL: http://isss.org/world/en/

Homepage von Gerald M. Winberg:

URL: http://www.geraldmweinberg.com/Site/General_Systems.html